Winter is the season in which most respiratory infections or diseases worsen, especially in countries like India. Air temperature decreases, causing a phenomenon known as temperature inversion, where the temperature of the air around us decreases and increases at higher altitudes. Therefore, heavier air does not rise and, as a result, pollen and airborne pollutants tend to be more concentrated in our breathing zone. This results in increased exposure to allergens, leading to a higher prevalence of allergic diseases such as asthma or allergic rhinitis during winter. The excessive amount of pollen produced throughout the seasons is another major factor that contributes to various winter-related allergic conditions.
Respiratory diseases due to excessive exposure to pollen
During monsoons, an excessive amount of pollen is generated due to the growth of flora. As a result of this, the pollen content also increases. Higher wind speeds in winter favor pollination and therefore lead to a wider distribution of pollination. Therefore, winter is also known as pollination season.
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Therefore, whenever there is exposure to these allergens, patients prone to allergies such as asthmatics, allergic rhinitis or patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) experience hyperreactive airways. This can also lead to a situation called bronchoconstriction (where the airways tend to narrow) and as a result of this, these patients may develop symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, excessive production of phlegm, sneezing, runny nose, and nasal obstruction.
India is one of the most affected countries and has one of the highest mortality rates from asthma. These symptoms also lead to a poor quality of life for patients. In the worst cases, patients end up in the hospital due to a severe exacerbation, which could be associated with a drop in oxygen saturation and excessive respiratory distress. The treatment module is mainly symptomatic for these patients. During hospitalization, these patients require special care and appropriate treatment in the form of inhalers, nebulizations, and intravenous steroids to recover from this exacerbation.
Common infections during winter:
In terms of infections during winter, the environment becomes conducive for viral infections. This not only allows them to thrive but also spread, posing a risk to public health. Dry air can also cause irritation in the respiratory tract, making it easier for germs to grow. As a result, there are many outbreaks of influenza, cold and flu viruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. This has been a common and recurring phenomenon when contracting mild flu or bacterial infections during the winter, and some cases of pneumonia along with infections require hospitalization. We have been finding mini outbreaks of viruses such as H1N1 influenza, adeno and respiratory syncytial virus in the community. However, the mortality rate in these cases is less than 1%. Few people who are at increased risk of worsening disease manifestations require intensive care. These risks may include advanced age (over 65 years), uncontrolled diabetes, chronic kidney and liver diseases, ischemic heart disease, and immunocompromised individuals.
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Precautionary measures against Respiratory Diseases:
If the patient is a known asthmatic, be honest about taking the inhalers. Wear a mask whenever possible, whenever there is a high risk of exposure to allergens. Air purifiers help reduce exposure to airborne particles that could be pollution and pollen. Using them in a room where you sleep helps. Periodic check-ups with your pulmonologist during the same season are also very important.
The next most important measure is to get vaccinated annually, especially against diseases such as flu and pneumonia. It is recommended to get a flu vaccine in September or April, which will help provide enough protection during flu season. The pneumonia vaccine, also called the pneumococcal vaccine, is especially necessary for high-risk patients. Regular follow-up with your doctor is also necessary for vulnerable populations.
Stay healthy and consider exercising regularly during the winter. Ancient practices such as yoga and pranayama also help improve lung health. Have good lifestyle practices in addition to maintaining a weight control plan. It is also important to maintain regular hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding contact with sick people, and staying warm, which helps reduce the risk of getting sick. Eat a balanced diet consisting of low carbohydrates and fats, but enough raw leafy vegetables and fruits. This helps improve immunity to fight respiratory diseases during winter. Avoid processed and junk foods or binge eating. However, if you still get sick, be sure to rest, drink plenty of fluids, and seek medical attention if necessary.
Winter worsens respiratory diseases in India due to factors such as temperature inversion and increase in pollen. Asthma and allergies increase, causing wheezing and coughing. Severe cases of asthma cause hospitalizations and require emergency medical assistance. Viral infections increase health risks, especially for older people, who require precautions such as masks and vaccines. Therefore, regular checkups, a healthy lifestyle, and immediate medical attention help minimize winter respiratory problems.
About the Author: Dr Vasunethra Kasargod is a Consultant Pulmonologist at Manipal Hospital Millers Road. All views/opinions expressed in the article are those of the author.
Categories: Health
Source: vtt.edu.vn